|  | Year | Event(s) | 
| 1 | 1649 | Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector.  Ruler of England 1649-1658.  Commonwealth & Protectorate.
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| 2 | 1650 | Otto von Guericke invents a air pump.
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| 3 | 1656 | Christian Huygens invents a pendulum clock.
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| 4 | 1658 | Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector.  Ruler of England 1658-1659.  Commonwealth & Proctorate:  3rd son of Oliver.  Resigned May 25, 1659.
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| 5 | 1660 | Charles II.  Ruler of England 1660-1685.  House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue.  De Jure King from Jan 30, 1649.Cuckoo clocks made in Furtwangen, Germany, in the Black Forest region.
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| 6 | 1663 | James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope.
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| 7 | 1668 | Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope.
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| 8 | 1670 | Dom Pérignon invents Champagne.The first reference to a candy cane is made.
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| 9 | 1671 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine.
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| 10 | 1675 | Christian Huygens patents the pocket watch.
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| 11 | 1676 | Robert Hooke invents the universal joint.
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| 12 | 1679 | Denis Papin invents the pressure cooker.
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| 13 | 1685 | James II.  Ruler of England 1685-1689.  House of Stuart (restored): 2nd son of Charles I.  Deposed 1688, interregnum Dec 11, 1688, to Feb 13, 1689.
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